Iran’s supreme leader is facing mounting discontent from within his inner circle after a series of Israeli air strikes targeted the nation’s nuclear infrastructure. The strikes, which reportedly killed high-ranking commanders and scientists, have exposed gaps in Iran’s defences and provoked debate among officials about the regime’s preparedness. In response, Tehran launched a volley of missiles at Israel—most of which were intercepted—while hardliners issued threats of broader retaliation against Israel and its allies.
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Iran’s official narrative has been largely shaped by its hardliners. The Revolutionary Guard’s affiliated news agency reported that attacks would extend to all Israeli territory and American military bases in the region. Meanwhile, Iran’s judiciary warned that any expression of support for Israel on social media could result in up to six years in prison. Despite these efforts to project strength and unity, private communications among regime officials suggest a growing sense of frustration and vulnerability. Leaked messages question the failure of Iran’s air defences and the ease with which Israel executed the strikes, including assassinations within Tehran.
Hamid Hosseini of Iran’s Chamber of Commerce voiced further concerns, noting that Israel’s attack appeared to catch Iranian leadership off guard. He pointed to the apparent ability of Israeli forces to infiltrate Iran’s military and intelligence apparatus. Furthermore, despite Ayatollah Khamenei’s directive to fire 1,000 missiles in retaliation, Iran managed only 200—an embarrassing shortfall that has fuelled criticism of the country’s military capabilities. This latest episode has deepened the divide between Iran’s moderate and hardline factions, with President Masoud Pezeshkian, seen as a reformist, urging national unity and calm.
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Mr Pezeshkian’s presidency has symbolised a potential shift towards diplomatic engagement, especially regarding nuclear negotiations and easing sanctions. However, his moderate stance has faced resistance from entrenched hardliners who view concessions to the West as a betrayal. The recent resignation of Mohammad Javad Zarif, a prominent moderate and critic of Tehran’s alignment with Russia, illustrates the growing internal friction. As the Israeli offensive continues and domestic criticism escalates, the regime’s hardliners may struggle to maintain control—raising questions about the stability of Iran’s political future.
